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Autograph - Wikipedia. An autograph (from the Greek: αὐτός, autós, "self" and γράφω, gráphō, "write") is a document transcribed entirely in the handwriting of its author, as opposed to a typeset document or one written by an amanuensis or a copyist; the meaning overlaps with that of the word holograph. Autograph also refers to a famous person's artistic signature.

This term is used in particular for the practice of collecting autographs of celebrities. The hobby of collecting autographs is known as philography.

What might be considered the oldest "autograph" is a Sumerian clay table from about 3. BC which includes the name of the scribe Gar. Ama.[1] No ancient written autographs have been found, and the earliest one known for a major historical figure is that of El Cid from 1.

Categories of celebrities[edit]. Boxing autograph collection. Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are presidents, militarysoldiers, athletes, movie stars, artists, social and religious leaders, scientists, astronauts and authors.

Some collectors may specialize in specific fields (such as Nobel Prize winners) or general topics (military leaders participating in World War I) or specific documents (i. Charter of the United Nations; signers of the U. S. Constitution; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents). Sports memorabilia signed by a whole team can often be sold for hundreds or thousands of dollars.[citation needed]Commercialization[edit]Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans, keeping it an interesting hobby. Many people who stand outside premieres, asking for autographs are actually professional autograph traders, who make their living or supplement their income by selling them for full profit, rather than keeping them as a personal souvenir. This is one of the main reasons why some celebrities will only distribute their signatures for a price.

Joe Di. Maggio was able to command more money on signing fees than he made in his playing career, though he also gave individual autographs.[3]Bill Russell does not sign at all in public, and only sparingly at private sessions. Michael Jordan reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature, which is worth hundreds of dollars. Jordan has frequently signed at more peaceful events, such as golf tournaments. Pete Rose was paid to sign 3.

I'm sorry I bet on baseball."[4][5] In the 1. Steve Martin carried business cards which he handed out to fans requesting an autograph; the cards read "This certifies that you have had a personal encounter with me and that you found me warm, polite, intelligent and funny."[6]Realizing the potential profit in the sale of pop culture autographs, many dealers also would wait for hours for a celebrity to emerge from a location, present several photos for the celebrity to sign and then sell most of them. Michael Jackson's experience was typical; he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle. Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming.[7] Some dealers would locate a celebrity's home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs. The celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses.

Because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time, some check requests against a record of past requests. Boxer George Foreman, for instance, records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses. Canadian sculptor Christian Cardell Corbet has his assistant research all requested autographs and also records all sent out. Some famous people flatly refuse to autograph anything for fans, such as the actors Paul Newman and Greta Garbo,[8] and the aviator Charles A. Lindbergh. Secretarial signatures[edit]Celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence. In the early months of World War II, U. S. Army Chief of Staff George C.

Marshall felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers. But as the death rate increased, he was forced to assign an assistant to "forge" his signature to the letters. The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals. General Douglas Mac. Arthur rarely signed a WWII condolence letter personally and all of his letters to families were signed by one of two assistants who tried hard to duplicate his signature but the forged signatures were distinguished by an unusually high letter "l" and a skinny "D".

During the early stage of the Korean War, Mac. Arthur personally signed condolence letters. As the fatalities increased, the General began to use letters with pre- printed signatures.

In the 1. 95. 2 U. S. presidential election, General Dwight D. Eisenhower often had secretaries forge his name to campaign letters and "personally inscribed" autographed photographs. Player signatures on baseballs and footballs that are actually signed by coaches and ballboys are called clubhouse signatures.[9]Autopen autographing[edit]Since the early 1. American presidents have had an autopen or robot machine for the automatic signing of a signature as an autograph machine for their letters, photographs, books, official documents, and even memorabilia items such as baseballs and golf balls.

Some former presidents even have continued to utilize the autopen after they have left office. The Signa- Signer can even write out in ink an authentically looking handwritten message that has been typed into the machine. One book detailing the use of this machine by President John F. Kennedy (1. 96. 1–6. The Robot That Helped to Make a President. Since the 1. 96. 0s, the practice of using an autopen has spread to U. S. Cabinet members, U.

S. Senators, some state governors, and many other personalities who have a high volume of correspondence with the public. Astronaut Alan Shepard acknowledged that NASA used the autopen machine to sign the astronauts' voluminous correspondence. Many large corporations also use these machines for signing business letters.

One might think that autopen signatures would constantly match one another. However, even autopen signatures will eventually change as the signature drum becomes worn and thereby alters the signature. Due to these professional imitations, one must be wary of buying presidential or astronaut signatures from unknown sellers.

Forged autographs[edit]Autograph collecting is an enthralling hobby to collectors, who enjoy assembling a series of historical documents, letters or objects that have been signed or autographed by a notable person as a way of capturing a piece of history. However, collectors must be aware that the hobby is fraught with documents, photographs and sports items that were signed by forgers seeking to profit by selling forged items to unwitting buyers. Sometimes just the signature has been forged, in other instances the entire document has been fabricated. Forged autographs of nearly all famous personalities abound. Differentiating forged from authentic autographs is almost impossible for the amateur collector and a professional should be consulted.

One method commonly seen on e. Bay is called "preprinting" by many sellers. The item is only a photocopy of an actual autographed photo, usually printed on glossy home photo paper. Since this is almost always disclosed to the buyer, some may not consider these actual forgeries. In October 2. 01. Chad Richard Baldwin of Gresham Oregon was sentenced to 2 years in prison for the sale of forged Babe Ruth and Beatles autographs. Mr. Baldwin is a highly skilled forger of sports memorabilia.[1.

Forgers may go to great lengths to make their forgeries appear authentic.